文献类型：期刊文献

中文题名：雷电、雷击火发生与人类活动关系

英文题名：Relationship between Lightning,Lightning Fire and Human Activities

作者：司莉青[1] 苑尚博[2] 赵凤君[1] 舒立福[1] 王明玉[1] 马启明[2]

第一作者：司莉青

机构：[1]中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所,国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室,北京100091;[2]中国科学院电工研究所,北京100190

年份：2022

卷号：58

期号：11

起止页码：1-9

中文期刊名：林业科学

外文期刊名：Scientia Silvae Sinicae

收录：CSTPCD;;EI(收录号：20232814381629);Scopus;北大核心:【北大核心2020】；CSCD:【CSCD2021_2022】；

基金：中国林业科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(CAFYBB2021ZB001);国家林业和草原局“森林雷击火防控应急科技项目”。

语种：中文

中文关键词：雷电;雷击火;人类活动;现代化进程;监测预警

外文关键词：lightning;lightning fire;human activities;modernization process;monitoring and early warning

分类号：S762

摘要：雷电是最常见的自然火灾原因,雷电引发的雷击火与其他类型森林火灾,共同组成全球林火体系。一般认为,作为自然火源的雷击火与人类活动没有关系,是区别于人为火源的,但其实不然,如2019年以来受新冠疫情封控影响,非必要活动和流动性减少,污染物浓度和闪电均显著下降。本研究将雷击火与人类现代化进程、居住地扩张、下垫面变化、预测技术与扑救技术发展以及国家法律法规相联系,探究人类活动对闪电以及森林雷击火发生的影响。闪电是雷击火发生三要素(火源、可燃物、有利于火扩散的环境)中的火源,能引发雷击火的闪电主要是云地闪电,近几十年来人类活动影响环境中的气溶胶含量,而气溶胶是影响闪电的主要因素,城市地区排放的大量污染气溶胶、生物质燃烧排放的烟尘气溶胶以及城市热岛效应均使闪电发生概率提高。不同地表覆盖类型的年均地闪密度差异较为明显,建设用地的年均地闪密度最高。森林区域的强闪电密度大,陡度也较高,森林大多分布在高海拔区域,与之前研究的高海拔地区闪电频次高是吻合的。闪电强度大、陡度高,破坏力更强,森林区域容易发生雷击事故。雷电具有选择性放电的特征,即会向一些特殊地区放电,这些特殊地区被称为雷击选择区,如地下水露出地面的地方、不同电导土质相接的地方、地下有金属矿体(如铜矿、铁矿)以及地下湖泊和水库区。人类挖矿留下的矿区废石场、山顶修建水库、山区铺设输电线路等活动均会造成土壤电导率变化,进而带来雷击,同时由于山区树木繁多,避免由此引发的雷击火也同样重要。随着雷电监测技术的发展,我国部分地区建立了闪电定位监测系统,特别是2021年国家林业和草原局启动森林雷击火防控“揭榜挂帅”应急科技攻关项目,项目组构建了以全波形三维雷电探测网为主体的大兴安岭雷击火感知系统,覆盖大兴安岭林区,可以实时精准定位云地闪发生位置,雷击火监测预警能力和雷击火发现效率显著提高。国家法律法规则通过影响森林植被和气候变暖而间接影响雷击火。该研究有望为未来森林雷击火的发生及防控预警提供参考,并为制定相应政策提供依据。
Lightning is the main source of natural fire,and lightning fire and other types of forest fires together constitute the global forest fire system.It is generally believed that lightning fire,as a natural fire source,has nothing to do with human beings and is different from man-made fire sources,but in fact,human activities have inextricable links with the occurrence of lightning fire.Since 2019,due to the severe impact of COVID-19 lockdowns,non-essential activities and mobility have decreased,which has led to a significant decrease in pollutant concentrations and lightning.In this paper,we linked the lightning fire with modernization process of human beings,the expansion of habitation,the change of underlying surface,the development of prediction technology and firefighting technology,and the laws and regulations of the country,to explore the impact of human activities on the occurrences of lightning and the forest lightning fire.Lightning is the fire source of the three elements in lightning fire occurrence,the lightning that can cause lightning fire is mainly cloud-to-ground lightning.The human activities in recent decades have profoundly affected the content of aerosols in environment.Aerosols are the main factors affecting lightning,and the large amount of pollution aerosols emitted from urban areas,soot aerosols emitted from biomass combustion and urban heat island effect have all increased the probability of lightning occurrence.The average annual ground lightning density of different land cover types is obviously different,and the construction land has the highest average annual ground lightning density.Intense lightning in forest areas has a higher density and slope.Most of the forests are located in high altitude areas,which is consistent with previous studies showing high lightning frequency in high altitude areas.The lightning in forests is intenser,steeper and more destructive,so forest areas are prone to lightning strikes.Lightning has the characteristic of selective discharge,that is,it will discharge into some special areas,which are also known as lightning selection areas,such as the place groundwater is exposed to the ground,where different conductive soils are connected,and where there are underground metal mines,such as copper and iron mines,and underground lake and water reservoir areas.Lightning strikes are caused by changes in soil conductivity caused by human activities such as mining waste rock sites,reservoir construction on mountain tops,and power transmission lines in mountainous areas.At the same time,due to the abundant trees in the mountainous area,it is also important to avoid the resulting lightning fire.With the development of lightning monitoring technology,a lightning location monitoring system has been established in some areas of China.Especially in 2021,the National Forestry and Grassland Administration launched the“Enlisting and Leading”emergency science and technology project of forest lightning fire prevention and control,and the project team has constructed a lightning fire sensing system in the Daxing’anling region with three-dimensional lightning full-wave detection network as the main body,covering the forest area of the Daxing’anling forest region,which can accurately locate the location of cloud-to-ground lightning in real time,improve the monitoring and warning ability of lightning fires,and improve the efficiency of lightning fire discovery.National laws and regulations indirectly affect lightning fires by affecting forest cover and climate change.This paper is expected to provide reference for the occurrence,prevention and control of forest lightning fire in the future,and provide a basis for the formulation of corresponding policies.